2014
Etching
Edition size: 40
Printmaker: Tim Foulds
Measurements of framed work: 1370mm (width) X 1100mm (height)
290 English/Afrikaans words composed to resemble a wall of bricks
Word Woes I
History
In May, 2011, I visited Stellenbosch to discuss the envisaged Twenty exhibition with SMAC Gallery. Painfully aware of the squabble over Afrikaans as a language of prerogative at Stellenbosch University, I proposed an artwork consisting of one word that makes some sense in both the English and Afrikaans languages, but of which the meanings in the two languages differ significantly. That work was BOOM. I envisaged this work to be a big gabion wall (a bulky wall made up of stones stacked in wire baskets) in which two different coloured stones would be so stacked as to spell out the word boom on both sides of the wall. The wall would be placed in Jonkershoek, a get-away nature reserve where romantic couples often enjoy sanctuary in the shadows of large trees and the spellbinding vistas of mountain cliffs. The wall had to be large and inviting enough to serve as a refuge for amorous kisses. The word boom, in English, is rather onomatopoeic and spells out the noise of exploding bombs, as in the big boom! In Russian, boom! is an accepted toast, like cheers! – celebration laid on thick. In a more sedate sense, boom is also a long pole, usually pivoted to go up and down to let traffic through. In Afrikaans boom is ‘tree’ a word that confirms my life-long interest in and respect for nature. I have tried hard to learn the names of all the plants I come across and I am not doing too badly. Boom, however, has another, far more stress-free meaning in Afrikaans. To the unperturbed it spells out marijuana. The more easygoing students would immediately chuckle at this usage and might even be tempted to slink behind BOOM wall for a whiff or two of the beleaguered stuff. I wanted the work to poke some light-hearted fun at the obsessive linguistic preoccupation of the frantic local academic fraternity. It would clearly satisfy them on one level and most certainly raise eyebrows on another. Unfortunately, or is it fortunately, I never got around to make BOOM, but there is every reason why I still might make it one day.
The idea that one can have words of the same spelling in Afrikaans and English, but that differ totally in meaning, stayed with me. When I was again approached by SMAC gallery in Stellenbosch, to have a solo exhibition in 2012, the memory of BOOM milled about in my head and I began to collect similar words. After more than a year I had come up with a list of two-hundred-and-forty words.
To stay with the idea of using the earthen substance (stones) envisaged for BOOM, I decided to use the sand/soil from the town of Darling, also in the Western Cape. I mapped out the words on small brick-like plaques and I asked my friend Andrew Munnik to collect the soils and fill in the words and their backgrounds on the plaques. Finally, I had a large collage called PLATTER ROOSTER providing a brick wall for the linguistically-minded to run into.
At the time I was convinced that I would not find any new words, but in the two years that followed new words began to surface, and when I was put to bed for months on end by an awful flu at the beginning of 2014, I had time to contemplate new additions. In the end the 240 words increased to 290 and in order to share the work with a wider audience, I decided to turn it into an edition of etchings with the new title WORD WOES. In English, this title laments issues dealing with words and in Afrikaans it instructs all to let go and be wild.
Etymology
If you are English and had never spoken a word of Afrikaans, the list of words in WORD WOES will appear totally English to you. If you are Afrikaans and had never seen any written English, which is highly unlikely, you might recognise these words as totally Afrikaans
There is no logical linguistic reason for the choice of words. In a way they are a Dada list – a mini Dada dictionary. Their inclusion is strangely dependent on the throw of a dice, in this case, the dice is the fact that the English and Afrikaans meanings of these words of the same spelling have absolutely nothing to do with each other.
The marvel of it all is for the reasonably bilingual person to read a word from one of the two languages, and then, upon reflection, to find the meaning of that word in the other language slowly dawning upon them.
At first I thought of calling the work LOST IN TRANSLATION because the words play with irreconcileable meanings. This ‘English-only’ title would, however, only serve to anger sensitive members of the Afrikaans community and I decided to name the etching after two of the words that make strange sense when combined: WORD WOES.
The English often see Afrikaans words next to English signage and because of their expectation that all written expression everywhere must necessarily be English, one often gets quite humorous readings. My son, Willem junior, who lives in the United Kingdom, once tried to draw money from the automatic banking machine in the predominantly Afrikaans town of Parys and he could not because he thought the prominence of the word jammer on the monitor meant that the machine had been jammed, when in fact an apology was issued for the fact that the machine could not print paper slips. Jammer in Afrikaans means ‘sorry’. An old English friend wondered for a while about the meaning of the word slegs on a road sign – he read ‘only slegs’ and could not, for the life of him, figure out what kind of things the slegs are. In Afrikaans slegs means ‘only’.
Casual rules for the selection of words
The etching WORD WOES is a small dictionary made up of words of the same spelling in English and Afrikaans but with totally different meanings. The meanings contained in its expressions are meant to be straight-forward, easily understandable, aimed at astonishment and admiration for their linguistic flair. I hope to ambush a certain slice of our bi-lingual society with the work’s quaintness and I mean to keep them at a standstill for some time in front of the work, pondering the marvelousness of our differences. Preference is given to words that are more or less easily identifiable and that might cause the greater interest.
My friends playfully came up with two small sentences that read true for both languages: “My hand is in warm water” or “My pen is in my hand.” Unfortunately all these words are totally synonymous for Afrikaans and English and none such totally similar words are admitted in WORD WOES. Entries were omitted if they did not succeed as excellent examples of a true kind of difference.
Words that might normally be accepted in the game of Scrabble are suitable, but note the following relaxed rules:
No synonyms (PLATTER ROOSTER works with words spelled exactly the same, but that carry no similarities of meaning):
- Similarly spelled and synonymous words are unsuitable: hang, arm, hand, bale, was, drank, hinder, note, verse, rose, grief, pan, vat, ring, stand, sending, spanning, slinger, sing, genies, plot, etc.
- Even a slight sense of synonymity is also reason for disqualification. Elf, for example, is good in the sense of number eleven (Afrikaans), but as Santa’s little helper (same meaning in English and Afrikaans) it is disqualified. Other words like slot, pure, blank, mark (market), grade, rose and tasting also have too much synonymity for inclusion.
No informal, colloquial or seldom used words.
- dink – ‘to think’ in Afrikaans and a partner in a well-off working couple with no children in informal English.
- dwang – ‘coercion’ in Afrikaans and ‘serious trouble’ in colloquial English.
- vader – ‘father’ in Afrikaans and a character from the Star Wars films in English.
- swat – ‘to hit or slap’ in English and ‘to study’ in informal Afrikaans.
- gal – ‘girl’ in informal English and ‘contents of the gallbladder’ in Afrikaans.
- loon – ‘salary’ in Afrikaans and ‘silly person’ in informal English.
- gees – ‘spirit’ in Afrikaans and exclamations of surprise in informal English
- toon – ‘toe’ in Afrikaans and ‘cartoon film’ in informal English.
* An exception was made in the case of ‘vroom’ because, even though it is informal English, it has a great onomatopaeic ring to it and is often used. I guess that most (perhaps all) words progressed from a time or sense in which they had been informal. The invention of text and printed matter created rules and formality.
No scientific, overly technical or pedantic words
- bots – ‘to crash’ in Afrikaans and in English the plural of bot, the larva of the botfly, also an abbreviation for ‘robots’.
- tor – ‘bug’ in Afrikaans and a hill or ‘rocky peak’ in English
No foreign or archaic words:
- tome – ‘reins of a horse’ in Afrikaans and ‘book’ in old English.
- nog – ‘small block or peg of wood’ and short for ‘eggnog’ in English. In Afrikaans it means ‘more’.
- brag – ‘to bring’ archaic Afrikaans en ‘to boast’ in English
- rust – ‘oxidation’ in English and ‘to rest’ in archaic Afrikaans
- ween – ‘to be of opinion’ in archaic English and ‘to cry’ in Afrikaans
- lam – ‘to hit’, a verb in nineteenth century English and ‘lamb’ in Afrikaans.
No proper names or words beginning with capital letters are allowed:
- Mars/mars English (two meanings: 1. the planet Mars, and 2. to spoil); Afrikaans (to march)
- Rooms is acceptable in English, but the Afrikaans Rooms is rejected (a proper name pertaining to the Roman Catholic Church).
Words in which the application is strained or hardly ever used:
- staker – in Afrikaans ‘one who ceases to work’ and in seldom used English ‘one who drives in a stake’.
- suffer – ‘more mentally worn out’ in strained Afrikaans and ‘to encounter bad or unpleasant things’ in English
No abbreviations:
- bros (‘brothers’ in English)
- gat (informal and an abbreviation for ‘Gatling’ gun in English)
- mag – ‘power’ in Afrikaans and a ‘magazine’ in English
- vet – an exception and included. An abbreviation for ‘veterinarian’ and ‘obese’ in Afrikaans.
- veg – an exception and included. An abbreviation for ‘vegetables’, and ‘to fight’ in Afrikaans.
No diacritical marks:
- reel/reels, to stagger or a film spool in English is acceptable, but reël/reëls, rule and rules in Afrikaans have a dieresis and are excluded
- blase, Blisters in Afrikaans, but blasé in English has an acute accent mark and is not accepted
Where meanings are close for some entries, especially of the same word in its plural or in a certain grammatical sense, only the entry with the most letters will be chosen
- gun/guns – take only guns
- die/dies – take only dies
- kale/kales – take only kales
Exceptions:
- re-use or reuse is sometimes spelled with a hyphen in British English and without one in American English and because of its rarity in the list (the eu-) it is included.
- The word ‘week’ is entered as ‘a period of seven days’ – English and as ‘weak or ineffective’ and ‘to soak’ in Afrikaans. But, week is also ‘a period of seven days’ in Afrikaans. In WORD WOES this synonymity is of course an oversight
Willem Boshoff 2014
WORD WOES meanings
ENTRY
ENGLISH
AFRIKAANS
Angel
Imaginary celestial being with wings
Sharp-pointed stinger at rear-end of a bee, scorpion, etc.
are
Plural present form of the verb ‘be’
Veins, arteries
arts
Various types of creative activity
Doctor, such as a children’s doctor, dentist or veterinarian
bad
Terrible, depraved, worthless
To wash oneself in water
balk
Hesitant or unwilling to accept a proposal
Wooden beam
bane
Reason for anguish or annoyance
Lanes, as in racing or athletics
bang
Loud explosive noise
To have fear and trepidation
banger
Sausage, usually eaten at breakfast
Greater fear; more trepidation
BARING
Exposing or revealing (of secrets, facts, the body)
Having a child or children; parturition
bars
Metal rods; counters for serving drinks; society of lawyers
To crack up; to burst open
base
Bottom support; plinth; main area to operate from
Bosses; persons in charge
beef
Prepared meat from cows and bulls
To shiver, shake or tremble
been
Past participle of the verb ‘be’
Bone; leg
beer
Alcoholic drink distilled from yeast, malt, barley, hops etc.
Bear (shaggy, erect animal, mostly northern hemisphere)
bees
Insects that give us honey
Cow, bull, ox
bid
To make an offer; to greet (I bid you a fond farewell)
To pray
blare
Loud, penetrating, mostly annoying sound
Leaves, foliage
blink
Quick shut and open of the eye or eyes
Shiny, polished – as a surface
bode
Sensing of a future event; omen
Messenger; courier
BOG
Soft, marshy, muddy area of ground
Nonsense; claptrap; drivel
BONE
Hard substance forming a skeleton
Edible bean seeds; green beans (in husks); bean plants
boom
Loud resonant bang; pole blocking road; surge in prosperity
Tree
BOON
Useful, beneficial item
Singular, edible bean seed; singular bean plant
boor
Vulgar, unmannerly person
To drill; a tool that performs drilling
boos
Exclamations of sudden surprise; cries of disapproval
Fuming; angry
boot
Sturdy shoe; trunk of a car
Boat; ship
bore
To be dull and uninteresting, such a person
Hand drills or drilling machines
bout
Short spell of intense activity
Bolt, as in a steel nut and bolt
BRAND
Name and advertising status of a product, campaign, etc.
Fire, to burn
BRANDERS
Those who promote through advertising
Large waves of the sea
breed
Animal stock, to rear a line of animals
Broad, wide
brief
Lasting for a short while, underpants
Letter; written note
brood
To mope or worry; offspring or litter of one parentage
Bread; basic food that supports life
bulk
Massive size and weight of large items
Characteristic sound of a cow; to make a moo sound
dank
Offensively damp, mouldy and cold
To thank; thankfulness
dapper
Neat and trim in looks, posture or dress (mostly of men)
Courageous; daring; gutsy
DEN
Lair of a wild animal; a room for leisurely or illicit activity
Pine tree
dies
Stops living; to die
This; these
dig
To create a hole in the ground, to rummage about
Compact, compressed or dense; to write poetry
DOER
One who acts or does
Far away, way over there
dog
Canine capable of barking, man’s best friend
To have understood; to have a resident thought
dons
Puts on a hat or piece of clothing
Small piece of fluff, down or fur
dope
Banned performance enhancing substance; stupid person
Plural of baptism or christening
DOPING
Administering illicit drugs
Dunking of biscuit into drink; baptism
dose
Quantity of medicine or drug; to medicate correct amount
Boxes; packages
DOWER
Widow’s share of her husband’s estate
More deaf
drag
Pull along roughly, usually by force
Wear; clothing suitable for specific purpose
DRAKE
Male duck; artificial or natural ‘mayfly’ as bait in fly fishing
Plural of draak or (‘dragon’ in English)
elders
People of greater age than the rest of a group
Elsewhere; in a different place
elk
Red deer, native to North America
Each; every; both
else
Otherwise; besides
Plural of els (awl - small pointed tool for making holes)
ERE
Before; earlier than
Honour and respect
EWE
Female sheep
Similarly; likewise
FEE
Payment; compensation; tip
Fairy; small, imaginary, winged female creature
FEES
Plural of ‘fee’ (payment and compensation)
Festival; celebration
Flits
To move swiftly, lightly (as insects do briefly in the sun)
Battery operated torch
gang
Band of criminals; group of labourers
Passage in a building; channel of access
gaps
Breaks or holes between objects; openings; breaches
To steal furtively; to pinch or pilfer
gate
Movable blockade allowing entrance or exit
Holes; gaps; cavities
gee
Exclamation of surprise, enthusiasm or sympathy
To give; to award; to donate
GELID
Extremely cold; frozen solid
Orderly formation of troops or detachment of men
GLAD
Content and satisfied; happy
Glabrous, soft and smooth to the touch
gladder
More delighted or pleased
More smooth; more slippery; more slick
GLANS
The rounded tip of the penis
Glossy shine; polished sheen
grate
Turning food into small particles by rubbing it on a device
Fish bones
gulp
To swallow in one motion; to ‘knock back’ a drink
Buttoned fastening in front of men’s pants; zipper
guns
Weapons that shoot bullets
Favour; act of kindness
hake
Common fish, often prepared commercially
Hooks; bent and sharp-ended metal fasteners
hare
Fast running, long eared animal that resembles the rabbit
Hair; locks or curls of hair
hark
To listen attentively; to call to memory
Rake; to scratch together by means of a rake
heel
Back part of the foot below the ankle
To heal; to made whole or repair; to nurse back to health
held
Past participle of ‘hold’; having grasped or detained
Hero; celebrated brave man
her
Third person singular pronoun; of the female
Previously; long since; in the past
HERD
A group of animals that live together
Fireplace for cooking; hearth
here
In this place; in this position
Gentlemen; men
hits
To punch by hand, bat or racket; to strike by missile or ball
To foment trouble; to provoke into action
HOE
Long-handled, bladed tool used for weeding and tilling
How, why
hoes
Tools for weeding and loosening soil
Act or sound of coughing; to cough
hole
Tunnel or cavity in a solid substance
Hovels; dens for disagreeable activity
HOLLER
To give a loud cry or shout
More hollow; more empty
hoof
Hard shell that forms the foot of cattle, antelope and such
Forehead; person in charge; most important or main
hoop
Round or semi-circular band of metal; large ring-like jump
Hope; expectation
hope
Expectation; anticipation
Heaps; piles; stacks; mounds
HOPING
Expecting, eagerly awaiting or longing
Piling or stacking up
jammer
Transmitter (or person) for jamming signals
Sorry; with apology
jig
Lively dance, a template for guiding manufacture
Gout; dietary disease causing a type of arthritis
KALES
Cabbages with prominent stem, large leaves, but no head
Naked people; men or women wearing no clothes
keel
Bottom part of a ship or boat that is under water
Throat; gullet
keep
To have or retain possession; situation necessary for living
Notch; nick; prominent cut-mark
KILLER
Murderer; slayer of animals; an animal that kills
More frigid or cold in attitude
kind
Items, people sharing similarity, generosity of temperament
Child; youngster
lag
To fall behind; to trail at the back; time difference
To laugh; laughter; chuckle
lank
Long, straight and wilted – of hair
Tall; long; extended; lengthy
lap
Hips, knees when seated; race-track circuit; drink with tongue
Cloth; fabric
late
Behind in time; occurring at the very end; dead, deceased
As in: doene and late – things done and things not done
leek
Vegetable related to the onion but with elongated ball
Layman; one without expert or specialized knowledge
leer
To stare unpleasantly, maliciously or lasciviously
Ladder, stepladder
lees
Sediment at the bottom of a barrel of wine; dregs (fig.)
To read or peruse; to understand writing
LEG
A limb that supports the human body, tables or chairs etc.
To lay out charts; to explain problems
lid
Cover such as of a container or eye; top, as in ‘bottletop’
Member; associate; limb of the body
lied
Having told untruths, having made false statements
Song; music composed in part or mainly of words
lies
Untruths, false statements, fibs
Groin; the thigh, especially higher up, near the body
links
Connections between things or ideas; rings in a chain
Left, as in ‘not right’; to the left-hand side
LINT
Fine, fluffy fibres shed by cloth or woollen material
Ribbon; narrow band of cloth for tying
LIT
Past participle of ‘light’
Joint of the body; internode on a reed or grass
lone
Single; having no companions
Salaries; loans; fees earned
long
Extended; lengthy; to have a strong wish or desire
Lung; organ that facilitates breathing
loom
Device for making fabric; to appear in large shadowy form
Sense of dull, sleepy languor
loop
Curve folding back on itself; repeat of music tape or video
To walk; to stroll; course of a river
loot
To burgle or ransack; booty; spoils
Offshoot of a plant; method of casting of the lot
lootS
Robs; raids
A hangar for vehicles such as bicycles or aeroplanes
lower
Nearer to the ground
Greenery or foliage in a forest or bush
LUG
To carry or drag; peg or hook for mounting or hanging
Air; atmosphere; sky; heavens
MALE
Gender of men as opposed to women; pertaining to men
Times; instances
mane
Growth or ruff of hair on the neck of a horse, lion, etc.
Moons, especially moons orbiting planets such as Jupiter
MARES
Females of horse, mule or donkey
Skinny or thin ones
mate
A companion, especially in a pair; friend; to breed
Measurements; dimensions;
meet
To get together; to encounter
To measure; to size up
mere
No more than; solely; smallest or slightest
Lakes; large inland bodies of water
MINDER
One who looks after something or someone
Less; fewer; a smaller amount
MITE
Microscopically small tick; small child or animal
Myth; unverifiable historical report; widely held false belief
MOLES
Small burrowing mammals; spies; flat, dark lumps on skin
Fracas; disturbance; quarrel
moor
Piece of overgrown upland; heath; to fasten a ship on shore
To murder; to massacre
moot
Subject to debate; uncertainty
Valley between two ridges; to cut into pieces
more
A greater amount or degree; additional; to a larger extent
Tomorrow; the day following today
nag
To irritate with continuous demands or fault finding; old horse
Night; hours of darkness
NODE
A point at which lines intersect; knob on a plant stem
Emergencies; crises; urgent situations
nut
Fruit with hard kernel; edible fruit kernel
Use; usefulness; useful employ
oral
By word of mouth; related to the mouth
Everywhere; all over the place
ORE
Rock extracted from the earth for the making of metal
Ears; ear-shaped attachments, for example, ears of a jug
pad
Material that lessens friction; paper sheets for writing on
Road; highway; pathway; trail
pal
Friend; comrade
Always; all the time
pale
Faded or light in colour
Fencing posts; football posts
PALING
Becoming bleak and pale
Eel; snakelike fish
pant
Taking short breaths in excitement or from fatigue
Pawn; wager; pledge
pare
To trim or cut away the edges
Twosomes; groups of two
pars
More than one level to be attained (golf)-
To squash or press grapes in winemaking
peer
Look intently; person of the same age or standing
Pear; pear tree
pens
Instruments for writing or drawing
Stomach of an animal; belly
perk
To increase in cheerfulness or liveliness; a benefit
Boundary; scope; range; lawn
PET
Darling animal; one’s favourite
Cap; soft flat hat without a brim but with a front visor
PLATTER
Large, flat plate or dish
More flat and level; smooth and without lumps (surface)
POETS
Those who write verses or poetry
To shine shoes or leather objects; prank; practical joke
pomp
Splendid ceremonial presentation
To pump; to force an answer; a pump
pond
Small area of water, often to keep fish
Unit of weight comprising sixteen ounces; British currency
pool
Area of still water; a patch of liquid, as ‘pool’ of blood
Pole as in either of two opposite ends; north or south pole
POP
To make a sudden, explosive sound – to ‘pop’ a balloon
Doll; term of endearment for a small girl
power
Ability or authority to perform; physical strength; energy
Poor; useless; ineffective; under-achieving
pram
Baby carriage
Breast, especially on an animal
PROP
Supporting structure or item; to underpin or support
Bottletop; cork or other stopper
punt
Long, flat-bottomed boat; to kick a hand-released ball; to bet
Full-stop; point; tip; aim; purpose
PUT
To place or bring into position
Well; hole sunk into the earth to obtain water
RAKER
Person who rakes, collects or gathers
More accurate; more precise
RAKING
Act of gathering leaves or other garden debris
Tangency; contact; touching
ramp
Slope or incline in a road or walkway
Disaster; tragedy; catastrophe
RANG
Past tense of ring
Rank; position in the hierarchy of army, police, etc.
RANGE
Scope or extent; variety; large complex stove
Ranks; positions in the hierarchy of army, police, etc.
rank
Position in chain of command of army, police, etc.; to smell
Of plants, to creep; to grow along the ground or a trellis
rant
To ramble or rage in speech
Extended, sprawling hill
rape
To force sexual intercourse; leaves of a kind of cabbage
Turnips; round root vegetables
raps
Informal chatters; striking audible noises
To mete out corporal punishment, especially to children
RAT
Rodent resembling a large mouse
Gear; cog; driving mechanism of toothed wheels
rate
Measure or frequency compared to others; speed; tariff
Remedies for illness, discomfort or problems
rats
Large rodents resembling mice and moles
Quick and nimble of movement
red
A primary colour, such as of blood or strawberries
To save (bring about salvation); to rescue
REDDER
More red, especially when blushing
Saviour; redeemer; rescuer
reeds
Tall, thick grass-like plants that grow near water
Already; before; by now
reeks
Stinks or smells unpleasantly
Series; sequence
rein
Narrow leather strap with which to steer and check a horse
Pure of heart; chaste
reuse
To utilize again; to use more than once
Giants; colossal or gigantic
rig
To prepare a boat for sailing; apparatus set up for a purpose
To aim; to aspire; to point toward
ROB
To steal, burgle or pinch
Sea lion; seal; a fish-eating, fish-like mammal with flippers
romp
To prance about playfully, in an energetic way; to frolic
Woman’s dress or skirt
roof
Structure covering a building, vehicle
Robbery, especially armed robbery; to plunder and steal
rook
Black crow; chess piece in battlement tower shape
Smoke or to smoke; to smoulder
room
Space; habitable or storage area, mostly with walls and door
Cream; soft ointment
ROOSTERS
Male domestic fowls; cocks
Metal frameworks for cooking; time tables
ROT
To become putrid; to decay
Rat, rodent resembling large mouse
rots
Putrifies; decomposes
Rock; large stone
rower
Oarsman; one who propels a boat with oars
Thief; robber; burglar
rug
Shaggy, woven mat covering part of a floor
Back and spine; rear surface of human or animal body
RYE
Wheat-like cereal plant used for whiskey, fodder and bread
Rows; lines of objects or people
sag
To fold or bend down under weight
Soft to the touch; gentle; smooth
SAGE
Profoundly wise man; aromatic herb
Myth, legend; fairy-tale
SAKE
For the purpose of; expression of irritation (for pity’s ‘sake’!)
Business affairs; matters (of the heart etc.); court cases
sale
Transaction in which money, goods or services are traded
Halls for gatherings, meetings and concerts; saddles
SAME
Similar; identical, matching
Together, jointly, mutually
SAT
Past tense of sit; to have taken a seat
Exhausted; worn out; tired; conked out; had it
see
To observe visually; region as denoted by a cathedral
Sea; ocean
seep
To leak or flow slowly through a porous material or gap
Soap; cleansing material for washing dishes, clothing, etc.
seer
Diviner; one who can reveal the truth through special insight
Hurtful; painful; sore; aching
sent
Past participle of ‘send’
Cent, the smallest unit of the South African currency
sin
Immoral act; to transgress against a divine law
Sentence as a string of words; sense; meaning
skater
One who glides on ice or moves on shoes with small wheels
To laugh out loud; to laugh with free abandon
skewer
Spike of wood or metal on which pieces of food are cooked
More skew; more twisted at incorrect angles
skim
To remove the top layer from a liquid; to peruse a text
Phantom; apparition
SKINK
Smooth lizard with short or absent legs
To decant; to pour tea, coffee or other drinks
skip
Move with spring in the step; to omit some; large container
Boat; ship; seafaring vessel
slag
Waste material at the smelting or refining of ore
Loud bang or clash; to butcher an animal
slams
Shuts with force; smashes; hits suddenly, as slams on brakes
Of the Cape Coloured Muslim people or their habits
slang
Informal and colloquial language not used in acceptable text
Snake; long tube-like reptile with no legs
slap
To smack – an instance of such; to spank, cuff or clout
Yielding; elastic and limp; lacking rigidity
sleep
To slumber; state of rest when we are unaware of the world
To drag; to haul; to pull
SLIM
Thin of posture or figure
Astute; shrewd, clever, crafty
slimMER
More gracefully thin; more slender; more slight of build
More clever; more smart; more intelligent
sloop
One-masted sailboat
Cushion cover;
SLOPE
Incline; gradient; rise in a surface
Pillowcases
smart
Elegantly dressed; clever; bright; hurting from insult or pain
Anguish over death; sadness at the loss of a loved one
snags
Unexpected, hidden obstacles; hitches or catches; difficulties
At night; when the dark of night settles in
snap
To break off suddenly; to nip at; sudden cracking sound
To understand or grasp; to comprehend
snare
Trap for catching birds or animals
Strings, especially on a guitar, violin, harp and such
snip
To cut swiftly with scissors or shears; act of such cutting
Girl who makes snappy, often cutting remarks; off-cut
SOLDER
To fuse metal together with tin or lead; tin, lead used as such
Attic; space or room just below the roof of a building
sole
Exclusive; one and only; undersurface of a shoe; flatfish
Rubber, plastic or leather bottoms of shoes
some
A number of; certain
Hems on garments, tablecloths and such
son
Male child; boy or man in relation to his parents
Sun; intensely bright star around which the earth orbits
sop
Piece of bread dipped in soup; ineffective action to appease
Soup; thick liquid dish of vegetables, meat and such
SPANNER
Tool for loosening and fastening bolts
One who erects fences or who rigs high tensile wires
spat
Past participle of spit (spew out); petty quarrel
To sprinkle a liquid; to scatter drops of fluid
spies
Secret agents; persons who secretly gather information
Spear; weapon with a long shaft and pointed tip
SPITS
Ejects saliva forcibly from the mouth
Mountain peak; climax; top of a pointed tower
SPOKE
Shaft connecting rim of wheel to centre; past tense of speak
Ghosts; spectres; apparitions
spore
Minute cell capable of propagation, as in fungi and ferns
Footprints; animal tracks
spot
Blemish; small round conspicuous mark; to notice something
To mock or ridicule; to make fun of or tease
STAKING
To mark a territory (as in staking a claim)
To cease work; to strike (as an industrial action)
stamp
To put foot down with force; official mark on paper
Shove forcibly; crash into a vehicle, thing or person
star
Bright heavenly body visible at night; radiating pointed sign
Having a fixed, vacant appearance or stare
STAT
Short for photostat or statistic
Primitive town situated in rural area
steeds
Horses available for riding; stallions
Nevertheless; in spite of everything
steel
Hard, bluish-grey metal derived mostly from iron ore
To take from others without permission; to steal
stem
Stalk on a plant; supporting shaft (as ‘stem’ of a wine glass)
Voice; vote as indication of choice
stomp
To tread heavily and noisily, often in display of anger
Tree trunk; blunt; having lost the edge
stout
Overweight and heavily built; strong and thick, as ‘stout’ beer
Naughty; disobedient; badly behaved
STROKE
Hitting; heart attack; to move the hand gently across surface
Brush strokes; strips as in longish pieces of paper or cloth
sulks
Displays bad temper by being silently morose
Such, as in ‘as such’; in that case
sure
Certain; convinced; confident
Acids; chemical compounds that eats away at substances
swam
Past tense of swim; having propelled the body through water
Fungal development; mouldy growth
p
To clean an area with a broom or brush; a swift movement
Whip as a piece of leather on a stick, used for flogging
sweet
Sugary or syrupy to the taste; lovable and pleasant
Sweat; moisture that appears on skin through exercise
SWIG
To drink in heavy gulps; a sizeable drink as swallowed
To give in; to yield or succumb
take
To lay hold of something; to appropriate; to accept
Chores; assignments; tasks
TALE
Story; fabricated account
Languages; tongues
TANG
Strong taste, flavour or smell
Pliers; tongs used for gripping objects and bending wire
tans
To cause the skin to darken in the sun; to cure leather
Presently; occurring now; at the moment
tart
Tasty pastry dish; promiscuous woman; sharp tasting flavour
To tease; to mock; to make fun of
Tee
In golf, a small peg holding the ball – to ‘tee’ off
Tea; hot drink of boiling water and crushed leaves
teen
Teenager or pertaining to teenagers
In opposition to; hostile to; adjacent to or touching
ten
The number 10; a group of ten
At, as in ‘at best’ (ten beste);
tier
One of a number of rows, staggered one above the other
Tiger; a huge, dark-yellow cat with black stripes
toe
One of the five digits of a foot; the lower end of something
At that time or then; whilst
TOG
Football boot; to put on clothes
Yet; nevertheless; in spite of that
tone
Quality of sound; condition of things like muscles or places
Toes; digits of the human foot or of the feet of birds, etc.
tong
Chinese secret society; handle used for lifting
Tongue; organ of speech and of taste
tot
Very young child; small measure of alcoholic drink; to add
Until; in anticipation of; pending
tower
Tall, narrow building; to rise to great height, one who tows
Magic; conjuring power
trap
Device used to ensnare animals; to catch and hold
Step on staircase; rung on ladder; to step on; to run over
tree
Large woody plant with branches
Footstep; unit of space measured by a step when walking
trope
Word expressing a figurative or metaphoric sense
Tropics; region between tropics of Cancer and Capricorn
TROTS
To move at a pace faster than a walk
Pride; self-importance; self-esteem
tug
To pull, jerk or tow; a hard or sudden pull; towing boat
To chastise or castigate; to inflict punishment
twee
Unduly and affectedly quaint; pretty or sentimental
The number two – one has two hands, eyes, etc.
valeS
Valleys, especially in place names or poetic use
Pale ones; colourless, grey ones
van
Covered truck used for transporting goods or people
From or of; belonging to; from the time when
veer
To change direction; to swerve off course
Feather; blade facilitating spring-loaded suspension
VEG
Short for vegetables
To fight in battle; to dispute an issue
VEIL
Shroud; cloth worn by women to cover the face
To sell by auction
veins
Tubes that carry blood in body; ore-bearing streaks in rock
To feign; to pretend; to put on
vent
To find expression for; opening that allows air or gas to flow
Coarse, uncouth fellow; impolite, annoying man
VET
Abbreviation for ‘veterinarian’; to approve critically
fat (as in both ‘obese’ and in ‘animal fat’)
vies
To compete keenly in order to achieve something
Angry; annoyed; irritated
vroom
Roaring sound of an engine or implement
Pious; living by deep religious standards
wag
Of animals, to move the tail rapidly; to wave a finger
To wait; to stay; to pause in one’s activities; a guard
WAKER
One who awakes from sleep, or academic dormancy
One who keeps vigil against things that might go wrong
wand
A long, thin stick, especially one that can create magic
Wall; inside wall-surface of a hollow space
want
To desire; to wish or yearn for; to crave
Because; for the reason that
war
Conflict; state of armed conflict; confrontation
State of bedevilment or confusion
ware
Ceramics or porcelain of specific type; manufactured articles
Genuine; authentic; indisputable; legitimate
WARTS
Small outgrowths on the skin
Furtively, as in woerts warts (whizz – ‘this way and that’)
wed
To marry; married to
To wager or gamble; to place a bet
week
Period of seven days
Weak or ineffective; to soak; period of seven days
wend
To find one’s way; to go somewhere slowly or indirectly
To turn to; to fix trust or reliance on a person or something
wet
Damp; drenched; soaked; to drench; to water plants
Law; commandment; rule; regulation
WETTER
More covered or saturated with water or other liquid
Unpleasant, despicable person (pejorative)
wig
Head covering made of false or real hair
Small child; tapering wedge of some material; to wedge
WINK
To close and open one eye briefly
To motion for someone to come; to beckon
WINS
Wins; experiences victory or success
Profit; proceeds; turnover; advantage, windfall
WIT
Sharpness of reason; intelligent humour
White, as the colour of milk; ashen
woes
Afflictions; miseries; sorrows and distress
With wild abandon; unkempt and untamed
word
Utterance; single unit of expression in speech or writing
To become; to turn out to be; to develop into
worse
More bad in any sense, as more awful, evil or sick
Sausages; different types of sausages
